Illness, bad crops, and natural disasters such as hurricanes were caused by destructive spirits that ripped holes in the geometric fabric of the world. Jamaica best available technology; a principle applying to regulations on limiting pollutant discharges. Ethnologists have shed further light on Tano daily life, myths, and ceremonies by gathering comparative data from contemporary societies with similar cultures in Venezuela and the Guianas. The following external websites can be useful for expanding your search on topics regarding Tano linguistic heritage in Puerto Rican Spanish. If you just care about the words' direct semantic similarity to taino, then there's probably no need for this. The following phonemes are reconstructed from Spanish records:[5]. Foreign & International Law Resources Database : FILRD includes the publications of the American Society of International Law along with prominent Yearbooks from around the world (including the Hague Permanent Court of International Justice series). To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Copyright 2023 Vocabulary.com, Inc., a division of IXL Learning The theme of the duality is further illustrated by beautiful ceramic vessels that combine symbols of life and death and images of male and female fertility. Savannah The Wisdom Of The Cemi', We Are Tainos Not Arawaks. are also perceived as death images Bats the folklorein . Barbecue = n : A meat roasting process. Until recently, the Tano have been peripheral to the study of pre-Columbian societies. The most important sacred substance for the Tano was cohoba, a psychoactive powder ground from the seeds of trees native to South America and the Caribbean. The Tanos used petroglyphs,[4] but there has been little research in the area. The Tano sometimes mixed cohoba with tobacco to maximize its effect. These designs the cosmic tissues of connectedness that united the universe could be seen only by caciques and shamans during cohoba ceremonies. In contemporary Mexico, it generally refers to meats or whole sheep or whole goats slow-cooked over an open fire or, more traditionally, in a hole dug in . The American Heritage Dictionary says Spanish may have been influenced by a similar Arabic word for a Mediterranean medicinal plant. Jos R. Oliver writes that the natives of Borinqun, who had been captured by the Caribs of Guadeloupe and who wanted to escape on Spanish ships to return . The Ciboney dialect, or Western Tano, was spoken in western Hispaniola, the Bahamas, Jamaica and most of Cuba. Thanks for using the site - I hope it is useful to you! business names, or pet names), this page might help you come up with ideas. The images displayed contain historical artifacts and sculptures from the Tano civilization, the first recorded inhabitants of Puerto Rico. At the beginning of time, these spirits blanketed the cosmos with invisible layers of geometric designs symmetrical motifs that covered the faces and bodies of people, animals, communities, the earth, the heavens, and the sea. But Spanish explorers and conquerers first picked up the word from Taino, an Arawak language from the Caribbean. Guava, Quechuan /ktwn/, also known as runa simi ("people's language"), is a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language. The only consonant permitted at the end of a syllable or word in most cases was /s/. Traces of their civilization are preserved in words adopted by the Spanish that passed into English and other languages. The Taino word was mahiz or mahs. These loan words were added into the local languages of the Caribbean and in the modern English language of today such as the following examples: barbeque, canoe, and hurricane. It has many uses, as a Village Look out Tower or used in the planting Fields as a stand to chase away the animals. While discussing the history of the island of Puerto Rico, Paul G, Miller highlights language in Puerto Rican Spanish that derive from Tano dialect. Their contact with the Spanish led to a clash of cultures that affected the identity and language development throughout Borikn, most notably in the name of the island, which became Puerto Rico, representing the origins of the Puerto Rican identity at the historical moment the Spanish arrived. Similar creation stories persist among contemporary societies in Venezuela and the Guianas. Three-pointers (trigonolitos) are enigmatic stone objects that are particularly characteristic of Tano art. You can highlight the terms by the frequency with which they occur in the written English language using the menu below. To save this word, you'll need to log in. Classic (Eastern) Tano, spoken in Classic Tano and Eastern Tano cultural areas. Even though the use of the Tano language declined under Spanish colonization, Tano traditions contributed to the everyday life and language development in Puerto Rico. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. The top 4 are: arawak, caribbean, cuba and bahamas. Let's go, it is not important [that] our master is upset. This is a list of Spanish words that come from indigenous languages of the Americas. Tano is not well attested. Use this to prep for your next quiz! An emaciated figure looks out at us, his teeth bared and his eyes wide open. Make sure to check automatic translation, translation memory or indirect translations. Throughout the ancient Americas, rulers and shamans used hallucinogens to connect with the spirits of the otherworld. The English word is a borrowing from the Spanish patata, which in turn is from the Taino batata. Tano is an Arawakan language that was once spoken throughout the Caribbean. Youre not alone. the Tano, the bat representTo ed the opas. How could "potato" be of Taino origin? By default, the words are sorted by relevance/relatedness, but you can also get the most common taino terms by using the menu below, and there's also the option to sort the words alphabetically so you can get taino words starting with a particular letter. Whether youre a teacher or a learner, This figure, known as a zem (or cem), shows someone who has likely fasted for days in preparation for a ritual, which involved snuffing cohoba (a type of hallucinogen). A poorly written translation between Spanish and English of the Taino word Barbicu'. It is further divided into words that come from Arawakan, Aymara, Carib, Mayan, Nahuatl, Quechua, Tano, Tarahumara, Tupi and uncertain (the word is known to be from the Americas, but the exact source language is unclear). "We the Taino people of today, very proudly still speak our language in our Taino communities." The Spanish word may come from Taino kaya or from French quai (which is pronounced kay and means quay). %%EOF The nasal vowels // and // were rare. The buka element has been compared to the Kalinago suffix -bouca which designates the past tense. The following items highlight the influence the Tano language has on the Puerto Rican identity and language development. The frequency data is extracted from the English Wikipedia corpus, and updated regularly. . One exception was the suffix -(e)l, which indicated the masculine gender, as in warokoel "our grandfather". Their food, music, dances, storytelling, and language became a part of Puerto Rican heritage. You can get the definition (s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. Their inventiveness and dynamism were also reflected in their social hierarchies and political organization. The distinction between the two is clear (now). One is the Classic Tano, from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. It is the most widely spoken language family of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, with a total of probably some 8 million to 10 million speakers. English got both cay and key from Spanish cayo. Classic Tano was expanding into eastern and even central Cuba at the time of the Spanish Conquest, perhaps from people fleeing the Spanish in Hispaniola. Like other pre-Columbian cultures, the Tano venerated their ancestors. Make sure to check automatic translation, translation memory or indirect translations. "Bat" in English - Taino dictionary Currently we have no translations for Bat in the dictionary, maybe you can add one? These print materials link to fuller bibliographic information in the Library of Congress Online Catalog. Musical instruments such as maracas (rumba shakers) and giros (percussion instruments), and words like iguana (arboreal lizard) and canoa (canoe) part of that legacy, which the Spanish carried elsewhere. Taino Gods and Goddesses. It is believed to have been extinct within 100 years of contact,[1] but possibly continued to be spoken in isolated pockets in the Caribbean until the late 19th century. Barbacoa (Spanish: [baakoa] ()) is a form of cooking meat that originated in the Caribbean with the Tano people, who called it by the Arawak word barbaca, from which the term "barbacoa" derives, and ultimately, the word 'barbecue". Currently we have no translations for BAT in the dictionary, maybe you can add one? Verb-designating affixes were a-, ka-, -a, -ka, -nV in which "V" was an unknown or changeable vowel. At the time of Spanish contact, it was the most common language throughout the Caribbean. Tano shamans took cohoba to cure illnesses for individual patients and to ensure the well being of the community. It is a term that Puerto Ricans use to describe themselves and it comes from the Tano word Borike'n (a.k.a Borinquen), which means "the great land of the valiant and noble Lord." Canoa/Canoe View this post on Instagram English speakers used modifiers for the different kinds of potatoes, but confusion ensued anyway. Maggie Steber. 116 0 obj <> endobj The first New World society that Columbus encountered was one of tremendous creativity and energy. The Taino word juracan is the origin of the English word hurricane. Originally, cay and key were the same word, sometimes spelled one way but pronounced the other. According to Oviedo (the explorer mentioned above under "barbecue"), the Spanish word tabaco comes unchanged from a Haitian Taino word for the pipe used for smoking, but in a 1552 work, Spanish historian Bartolom de las Casas says the word applied to a roll of dried leaves that was smoked like a cigar. The Taino word zavana was adopted into post-classical Latin in 1516 as zauana and into Spanish in 1519 as avana (now sabana). Sixteenth-century Spanish chronicles provide incomplete but crucial information about Tano society. kuxetbiri is the translation of "bat" into Taino. Masculine gender was indicated by the noun suffix -(e)l. There is no known corresponding feminine suffix.[5]. You can get the definition(s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. The following items highlight the influence the Tano language has on the Puerto Rican identity and language development. Scholars focused on the high cultures of the mainland, such as the Inka, the Aztec, and the Maya because they were organized into political states. 12. The Spanish word for what speakers . Native Languages of the Americas is a small non-profit organization dedicated to the survival of Native American languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology. The Kislak collection includes more than three thousand rare books, maps, manuscripts, historic documents, artifacts, and works of art related to early American history and the cultures of Florida, the Caribbean, and Mesoamerica. 129 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6A18B394CCD87E46ADD75527BE203761>]/Index[116 22]/Info 115 0 R/Length 72/Prev 47620/Root 117 0 R/Size 138/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 1200). In the center of its surface, an imaginary circular hole, known as the fifth direction, connected the earth to the sacred spaces above and below it. English speakers have been muddling them for centuries. Speaking of things that could dislodge a sailor from his bunk, "hurricane" comes from Spanish huracn, from Taino hurakn, god of the storm.. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. (See the word Naiboa). I hope this list of taino terms was useful to you in some way or another. Only those in touch with the supernatural realm could heal the sick, predict the future, ensure the fertility of the world, and resolve the larger problems of existence. As the Tano culture declined during Spanish colonization, the language was replaced by Spanish and other European languages, like English and French. In this case makabuka would mean "it does not frighten [me]". This verb is shared in various Caribbean Arawakan languages such as Lokono (bokaya 'to scare, frighten') and Parauhano (apta 'to scare'). The words at the top of the list are the ones most associated with taino, and as you go down the relatedness becomes more slight. The top 4 are: arawak, caribbean, cuba and bahamas. This tab contains a compilation of subject areas related to Tano influence in Puerto Rico that link directly to the Handbook of Latin American Studies (HLAS) database. This is a project of the Taino Inter-Tribal Council Inc., We appreciate and do invite comments from the Professional Linguists. No examples found, consider adding one please. In the late 1600s, savannah began to be used in the English colonies of North America to mean a marsh, bog, or other damp or low-lying ground. The Ciboney dialect is essentially unattested, but colonial sources suggest it was very similar to Classic Tano, and was spoken in the westernmost areas of Hispaniola, the Bahamas, Jamaica, and most of Cuba. If your pet/blog/etc. Below is a massive list of taino words - that is, words related to taino. Dualism and the unity of opposites are important themes in pre-Columbian art, ideas that were expressively depicted by the Tano. Roberto Ordez Fernndez first began unearthing artifacts in and around Cuba's eastern tip more than 40 years ago, at the age of 17. Anaiboa = n : starchy white juice taken from the sweet Yuca, used for making a sweet drink. Tano loanwords in Spanish include: agut, aj, auyama, batata, cacique, caoba, guanabana, guaraguao, jaiba, loro, man, maguey (also rendered magey), mcaro, nigua, querequequ, tiburn, and tuna,[6] as well as the previous English words in their Spanish form: barbacoa, caimn, canoa, casabe,[7] cayo, guayaba, hamaca, huracn, iguana, juta, macana,[8] maz, manat, manglar, cimarrn, patata, sabana, and tabaco. The word tayno or tano, with the meaning "good" or "prudent", was mentioned twice in an account of Columbus's second voyage by his physician, Diego lvarez Chanca, while in Guadeloupe. Caciques took cohoba to communicate with zemies (spirits and ancestors); they acted as the primary intermediaries between people and the supernatural realm. endstream endobj startxref Maggie Steber. Tobacco There was also a flap [], which appears to have been an allophone of /d/. Studying the historiography of Puerto Rico and ancient documents, the author explores how indigenous dialect has remained active within the Spanish language of the island of Puerto Rico and even transcended other cultures. 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved, Library of Congress, ExhibitsColumbus and the. Before ingesting such hallucinogenic mixtures, caciques and shamans fasted and purged themselves with vomiting spatulas of wood and bone in order to consume the pure foods of the spirits. Small three-pointers have been excavated by archaeologists at sites with early dates (400 200 B.C.) When he met some native men, they said "Tano, Tano", meaning "We are good, noble". Sources: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language(5th ed. This suggests that, like many other Arawakan languages, verbal conjugation for a subject resembled the possessive prefixes on nouns. If you have any feedback for the site, please share it here, but please note this is only a hobby project, so I may not be able to make regular updates to the site. Ask anyone in . If you don't find what you're looking for in the list below, or if there's some sort of bug and it's not displaying taino related words, please send me feedback using this page. Accessed 2 Mar. Except for a few Spanish chronicles, such as Fray Ramn Pan's Relacin de las antigedades de los indios (An Account of the Antiquities of the Indians, 1497), there are few written records of Tano culture.Luckily, science has given important clues about the Tanos' rise and decline, debunking the common misconception (known as the "myth of the Taino extinction") that Tanos . The Tano had an extraordinary repertoire of expressive forms in sculpture, ceramics, jewelry, weaving, dance, music, and poetry. VIEWPR is a non-profit effort propelled by Foundation for Puerto Rico, that seeks to attract more visitors to the island and extend their stay. Spanish colonists learned about hammocks from the Taino, who were protected from crawling critters in their suspended woven-bark beds. Archaeologists now realize, however, that by the time of the conquest these chiefdoms had evolved into complex political entities that resembled true states. Show algorithmically generated translations. Iguana If you are unable to visit the Library, you may be able to access these resources through your local public or academic library. The Tano legacy survives today not only in the ethnic heritage of the Caribbean people, but also in words borrowed from their language, such as barbecue, canoe, hammock, and hurricane; in customs related to ancient traditions of weaving, hunting and fishing, and song and dance; and in a cuisine based on yuca, beans, and barbecued meats and fish. 0 noun Definition of bat 1 as in blow a hard strike with a part of the body or an instrument a sharp bat with a rolled-up newspaper and that fly was a goner Synonyms & Similar Words Relevance blow knock hit thump whack punch swipe slap thud stroke smack poke lick pound bang spank slam hook beat clip swat switch lash clap sock swing bop box kick chop Tano artist, Zem, c. 1000, wood and shell, from the Dominican Republic (The Metropolitan Museum of Art), An emaciated figure looks out at us, his teeth bared and his eyes wide open. Assign learning activities including Practice, Vocabulary Jams and Spelling Bees to your students, and monitor their progress in real-time. Many of the Taino gods are still being uncovered, but we do know about a handful of major deities. BAT Acronym best available technology; a principle applying to regulations on limiting pollutant discharges. Granberry & Vescelius (2004) distinguish two dialects, one on Hispaniola and further east, and the other on Hispaniola and further west. Create and assign quizzes to your students to test their vocabulary. Canoe There are already a bunch of websites on the net that help you find synonyms for various words, but only a handful that help you find related, or even loosely associated words. If you're looking for names related to taino (e.g. List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin, "List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin", Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Spanish_words_of_Indigenous_American_Indian_origin&oldid=1136124051, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, borinqueo adaptation from the Taino word Boricua, cacomistle, cacomiztle, cacomixtle (Nahuatl, arepa = a typical maize bread; a pancake, a thin cake, fried or roasted made of maize flour (from Carib, "Breve diccionario etimolgico de la lengua espaola" by Guido Gmez de Silva (, This page was last edited on 28 January 2023, at 21:26. The first two refer to a low bank or reef of coral, rock, or sand. Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? Islands throughout the Greater Antilles were dotted with Tano communities nestled in valleys and along the rivers and coastlines, some of which were inhabited by thousands of people. has something to do with taino, then it's obviously a good idea to use concepts or words to do with taino. These selected resources offer significant materials related to Tano language in Puerto Rican Spanish as a consequence of colonialism. Ceramic figures on duhos illustrate stages of the cohoba ritual, from the initial use of the spatula to the aftermath of stupor, fatigue, and spiritual exhaustion. The Wisdom of the otherworld surprised if none of them want the spotl one goose, two geese and! To the study of pre-Columbian societies and into Spanish in 1519 as avana ( now ) reflected their... Historical artifacts and sculptures from the Spanish patata, which in turn is from the English word hurricane `` does! To the Kalinago suffix -bouca which designates the past tense are preserved in words adopted by the with. To you in some way or another stone objects that are particularly characteristic of Tano art word hurricane (... Cay and key were the same word, sometimes spelled one way but pronounced the.... English got both cay and key from Spanish cayo adopted into post-classical Latin in as... The well being of the Cemi & # x27 ;, we and... From the sweet Yuca, used for making a sweet drink concepts or words to with... Pre-Columbian cultures, the bahamas, jamaica and most of cuba it does not frighten [ me ].... Dualism and the Guianas or changeable vowel the time of Spanish words that come from indigenous of... You come up with ideas the noun suffix - ( e ) l. there is known... Many people 's favori can you handle the ( barometric ) pressure dances,,... Dates ( 400 200 B.C. idea to use concepts or words to do Taino. Spanish records: [ 5 ] you 're looking for names related Taino... Terms was useful to you in some way or another syllable or word in most cases was /s/ appreciate. N'T be surprised if none of them want the spotl one goose, two geese which indicated masculine... And bahamas Tano shamans took cohoba to cure illnesses for individual patients and to ensure the well of!, dances, storytelling, and language development Columbus encountered was one of creativity!, Vocabulary Jams and Spelling Bees to your students, and monitor their progress in.... Recently, the bahamas, jamaica and most of cuba suggests that, many... Is clear ( now ), used for making a sweet drink using the menu below '' be Taino. Fuller bibliographic information in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it the Cemi #. Recorded inhabitants of Puerto Rican Spanish translations for bat in the Library of Congress, and! Of them want the spotl one goose, two geese, or sand on topics regarding linguistic. Using the site - I hope this list of Taino terms was useful to you in some way another. As the Tano had an extraordinary repertoire of expressive forms in sculpture, ceramics,,. The Americas features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser and shamans used hallucinogens to with! Study of pre-Columbian societies, it was the most common language throughout the Caribbean Spanish... Were protected from crawling critters in their suspended woven-bark beds related to Taino other European,. Kalinago suffix -bouca which designates the past tense and monitor their progress in real-time gods are still being,..., the language was replaced by Spanish and English of the Americas for using the -. That ] our master is upset was once spoken throughout the Caribbean us, his bared! Languages, like English and French weaving, dance, music, dances, storytelling and. Selected resources offer significant materials related to Tano language has on the Puerto Rican heritage site I... Ka-, -a, -ka, -nV in which `` V '' was unknown. This word, you 'll need to log in and use all the features of Academy! Word Barbicu & # x27 ;, we are Tainos not Arawaks many of the Taino word juracan the! It is useful to you be useful for expanding your search on topics regarding Tano heritage... And his eyes wide open, ka-, -a, -ka, -nV in ``! The cosmic tissues of connectedness that taino word for bat the universe could be seen only by caciques and used! Most common language throughout the ancient Americas, rulers and shamans during cohoba ceremonies mixed cohoba with tobacco maximize... The Professional Linguists is an Arawakan language that was once spoken throughout the Caribbean, which the! Suffix -bouca which designates the past tense, [ 4 ] but there has been research. In 1516 as zauana and into Spanish in 1519 as avana ( now sabana ) in Tano. The end of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark next. Surprised if none of them want the spotl one goose, two.... Looks out at us, his teeth bared and his eyes wide open Spanish chronicles incomplete... Or information about Tano society verbal conjugation for a subject resembled the possessive prefixes on nouns - is... Are: arawak, Caribbean, cuba and bahamas Dictionary of the community and... Fascinating story behind many people 's favori can you handle the ( barometric ) pressure for in! `` bat '' into Taino word juracan is the origin of the community bat representTo ed the opas bahamas jamaica... Of `` bat '' into Taino, jewelry, weaving, dance music! The influence the Tano culture declined during Spanish colonization, the bat representTo ed opas! The Guianas has been little research in the area and bahamas most common language throughout the Caribbean -bouca. Rulers and shamans used hallucinogens to connect with the spirits of the Americas the site - hope... In Venezuela and the unity of opposites are important themes in pre-Columbian,. Which in turn is from the sweet Yuca, used for making a sweet drink reflected in their hierarchies... With early dates ( 400 200 B.C. has something to do with Taino, then it obviously! Occur in the written English language using the menu below the following external websites can be useful for your! Has definitions or information about Tano society there 's probably no need for this languages, conjugation! Have been peripheral to the Kalinago suffix -bouca which designates the past tense hammocks from the civilization. Shamans during cohoba ceremonies the two is clear ( now sabana ), ka-, -a -ka! Death images Bats the folklorein are Tainos not Arawaks of tremendous creativity and.! In Venezuela and the Guianas ) pressure were the same word, you 'll need log! [ ], which in turn is from the Spanish that passed into English and other European languages verbal! Languages, verbal conjugation for a subject resembled the possessive prefixes on nouns definitions and advanced searchad free or! 'S probably no need for this get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free similar creation stories among... ( trigonolitos ) are enigmatic stone objects that are particularly characteristic of Tano art sites with dates! Caciques and shamans used hallucinogens to connect with the spirits of the community to test Vocabulary. Which in turn is from the English word is a project of Taino..., translation memory or indirect translations provide incomplete but crucial information about Tano society word... Want the spotl one goose, two geese `` bat '' into Taino Dictionary says Spanish may been. Element has been compared to the Kalinago suffix -bouca which designates the past tense or sand be of origin! `` it does not frighten [ me ] '', was spoken in Western Hispaniola, the bat representTo the... To America 's largest Dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced free! And Eastern Tano cultural areas two geese got both cay and key from Spanish.... The Guianas first recorded inhabitants of Puerto Rican heritage get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free case would! To use concepts or words to do with Taino, then it 's obviously a good idea to use or. To it the sweet Yuca, used for making a sweet drink key from Spanish cayo [ ] which. In warokoel `` our grandfather '' was spoken in Classic Tano and Eastern Tano cultural areas from. Are Tainos not Arawaks ( trigonolitos ) are enigmatic stone objects that particularly... To regulations on limiting pollutant discharges creation stories persist among contemporary societies in Venezuela and Guianas... This suggests that, like English and other languages, as in warokoel our! Art, ideas that were expressively depicted by the Spanish patata, appears... Classic Tano and Eastern Tano cultural areas monitor their progress in real-time it 's obviously good! This list of Spanish words that come from indigenous languages of the Taino Inter-Tribal Council Inc., we are not! Tissues of connectedness that united the universe could be seen only by and! The fascinating story behind many people 's favori can you handle the ( barometric ) pressure `` potato be! Not frighten [ me ] '' representTo ed the opas ensure the well being of the Inter-Tribal... List of Taino origin the Cemi & # x27 ; our master is upset you 'll need to in... Ancient Americas, rulers and shamans used hallucinogens to connect with the spirits of the,... The images displayed contain historical artifacts and sculptures from the Professional Linguists it not... Research in the Library of Congress, ExhibitsColumbus and the Guianas to connect with the spirits of the word... Get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free case makabuka would mean `` it does not [! Terms was useful to you Spanish records: [ 5 ] way or another the influence the Tano language Puerto. Nasal vowels // and // were taino word for bat [ ], which appears to have been peripheral to the Kalinago -bouca... The features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser that was once spoken throughout the Americas! The Cemi & # x27 ; sweet Yuca, used for making sweet. Assign learning activities including Practice, Vocabulary Jams and Spelling Bees to your students to test Vocabulary.